From classical Lax ODEs to quantum integrable theories: the moduli

TL;DR

This paper connects classical integrable PDEs with quantum integrable models, deriving functional relations and equations that describe quantum gauge theories and Wilson loops without scattering theory.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach linking classical moduli-dependent relations to quantum integrable models and proves two Zamolodchikov conjectures.

Findings

Functional relations identify quantum integrable model states.

Y-system and TBA equations derive from these relations.

Relations depend on moduli, describing the quantum sine-Gordon model.

Abstract

The general idea of this paper is to start from a classical integrable (partial differential) equation which arises as a compatibility condition for a matrix linear differential problem. For definitiveness' sake, a generalised sinh-Gordon equation depending on $2N-1$ complex coefficients or moduli is considered. Then, the connexion coefficients (Wronskians) of different solutions to this problem satisfy, in the spirit of the Ordinary Differential Equation/Integrable Model correspondence, functional relations, which can be considered, -- if supplemented by suitable asymptotic behaviours --, as identifying a specific state of a quantum integrable model: in fact they are the eigenvalues of extensions of Baxter operators $Q$ and $T$, the transfer matrix. Moreover, Y-system and (implementing the asymptotic conditions) thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz equations originate from them, without any passage through the scattering theory, and providing an invariant parametrisation of the monodromy space. The crucial novelty is the modification of all the relations because of their dependence on the moduli. For zero momentum, they fully describe physically the quantum homogeneous sine-Gordon model, {\it i.e.} scattering amplitudes of gauge fields in $\mathcal{N} = 4$ SYM at strong coupling or their dual null polygonal light-like Wilson loops in $AdS_3$. As a direct consequence of the correspondence, two Zamolodchikov's conjectures, based on previous results, are also proven.