The First Insights into an Ultraluminous X-ray Pulsar with XRISM: Phase-Resolved High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the Fe K-shell Band of M82 X-2

TL;DR

XRISM's high-resolution spectroscopy of M82 X-2 reveals phase-dependent Fe Kα emission, indicating an accretion flow origin and demonstrating XRISM's capability for pulsation-resolved ULX studies.

Contribution

First phase-resolved high-resolution spectral analysis of M82 X-2's Fe K-shell band using XRISM Resolve, linking emission features to the accretion flow.

Findings

Fe Kα line width varies with pulsation phase

Line width implies velocity dispersion of about 1700 km/s

Pulsation constrains emission region to less than 63,000 km

Abstract

During the performance verification phase, XRISM observed the M82 galaxy for a net exposure of 207.7 ks, with the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar (ULXP) X-2 included in the field of view. A pulsation search identified a candidate signal with a period close to the previously known value, 1.38727 s, at a significance of $3.15\sigma$ based on Monte Carlo simulations. Using this candidate period, phase-resolved spectral analysis with the high spectral resolution of Resolve was performed. The spectra suggest that, if the candidate pulsation is real, the Fe K$\alpha$ emission line in the pulse peak phase has a larger width ($36^{+60}_{-13}$ eV) than that in the remaining phase at a significance exceeding $3\sigma$. This suggests that at least a fraction of the Fe K$\alpha$ emission is associated with the ULXP system. The observed width corresponds to a velocity dispersion of $(1.7^{+2.8}_{-0.6})\times10^3$ km s$^{-1}$, which is too large to be explained by motions in the companion star atmosphere. The rise time of the pulsation constrains the line-emitting region to be smaller than $6.3\times10^4$ km, suggesting an origin in the accretion flow. This work demonstrates the capability of XRISM Resolve for pulsation-resolved high-resolution spectroscopy of ULX pulsars.