Variational Openness

TL;DR

This paper introduces the concept of variational openness, extending traditional variational principles to include open systems with bulk-boundary interactions, providing a unified framework for various boundary conditions.

Contribution

It formulates a new variational framework that accounts for open systems with regulated bulk-boundary exchanges, generalizing classical boundary conditions.

Findings

Defines open variational principles with boundary exchange

Derives a second-order open action quadratic form

Establishes a Rayleigh-Ritz criterion for stability thresholds

Abstract

Variational principles in mechanics, field theory and geometric analysis are usually formulated on closed admissible classes, where boundary variations are either fixed or independently cancelled through natural boundary conditions. Variational openness is formulated here as a conservative extension of this setting. Its central premise is that stationarity requires cancellation of the total first variation, not necessarily separate cancellation of bulk and boundary contributions. Separate Euler--Lagrange and boundary equations arise only when admissible variations are independently localizable. Two regimes are distinguished. In separable open systems, bulk and boundary variations remain independently testable, and stationarity yields the usual interior equation together with an open boundary balance. In regulated open systems, admissible variations form a graph subspace in which bulk and boundary displacements are linked by a compatibility operator. Stationarity then becomes a projected balance on the admissible exchange space, allowing nontrivial bulk--boundary action exchange before total cancellation occurs. At second order, the open action defines a closed quadratic form on the admissible graph space. For pressure-like boundary couplings, the open Hessian is obtained by subtracting from the stabilizing geometric form a boundary-pressure form pulled back through the compatibility operator. A Rayleigh--Ritz criterion then yields a critical threshold at which positivity and coercivity are lost. A minimal spherical example illustrates the corresponding regulated spectral shift. The framework contains fixed-boundary, natural-boundary and classical free-boundary problems as limiting cases, while extending stationarity to regulated bulk--boundary exchange classes.