Sub-picosecond inter-core skew characterization in multicore fibers via Hong--Ou--Mandel interference

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a high-precision, fiber-integrated two-photon interference method to measure inter-core skew in multicore fibers, achieving femtosecond-level accuracy and validating stochastic scaling over long distances.

Contribution

The authors introduce a novel HOM interference-based technique for direct, high-precision ICS measurement in multicore fibers, surpassing classical methods in accuracy and applicability.

Findings

Achieved ±0.11 ps measurement precision, a 180-fold improvement over C-OTDR.

Validated stochastic random-walk scaling of ICS across 7.7 m to 1300 m.

Demonstrated HOM's immunity to path fluctuations, enabling long-distance measurements.

Abstract

Inter-core skew (ICS), the differential group delay between cores of a multicore fiber (MCF), is a critical parameter for both classical space-division multiplexed communications and quantum photonic networks. We present a high-precision measurement of ICS in a commercially available four-core fiber using two-photon Hong--Ou--Mandel (HOM) interference in a fiber-integrated $4\times4$ multiport beam splitter. By extracting the center position of HOM interference dips and peaks across all twelve core-pair combinations, we obtain individual ICS values with a demonstrated precision of $\pm0.11\,$ps, limited by the delay-stage positioning uncertainty. The root-mean-square ICS grows as $\sigma_\tau(L) = \kappa\sqrt{L}+c$ with $\kappa = 48.7 \pm 2.5\,\mathrm{ps}/\!\sqrt{\mathrm{km}}$ and $c = 9.76 \pm 1.2\,$ps, over fiber lengths from $7.7\,$m to $1300\,$m. This first direct validation of the stochastic random-walk scaling across a length range spanning laboratory to field-deployed scales was made possible by HOM's immunity to first-order path fluctuations, which renders classical interferometric methods impractical for long installed fibers. The demonstrated $\pm0.11\,$ps precision represents a $\sim\!180$-fold improvement over correlation optical time-domain reflectometry (C-OTDR), the standard method for long-fiber ICS characterization. Fisher information analysis establishes a fundamental Cram\'er--Rao precision limit in the femtosecond range, indicating further improvement is achievable with better delay control. These results establish a practical platform for characterising timing uniformity in MCF-based networks for both quantum and classical space-division multiplexed applications.