Cycle affinity and winding localize eigenvalues of Markov generators

TL;DR

This paper reveals how nonequilibrium cycles in Markov generators localize eigenvalues, linking thermodynamic driving to oscillation and decay properties, and extends previous bounds and conjectures.

Contribution

It introduces a cycle-based framework to bound and understand eigenvalues of Markov generators, unifying and extending prior inequalities and conjectures.

Findings

Eigenvalues are confined by cycle affinity and winding number.

In unicyclic systems, winding number matches eigenvalue index, providing relaxation bounds.

The approach generalizes and proves the Uhl–Seifert ellipse conjecture.

Abstract

The complex eigenvalues of Markov generators govern oscillatory properties of relaxation, autocorrelation, and linear response. Here we show that these eigenvalues are localized by nonequilibrium cycles of the generator, thus revealing a fundamental tradeoff between thermodynamic driving, oscillation, and decay of eigenmodes. Specifically, we prove that each complex eigenvalue is confined to a region determined by the cycle affinity and the eigenvector ``winding number'' of some nonequilibrium cycle. In unicyclic systems, we also demonstrate that the winding number coincides with the ordered eigenvalue index, yielding new thermodynamic bounds on the slowest and fastest relaxation modes. In multicyclic systems, our approach unifies and extends several previous inequalities and proves the Uhl--Seifert ellipse conjecture.