Clifford-deformed zero-rate LDPC codes with 50% biased noise thresholds

TL;DR

This paper investigates Clifford-deformed zero-rate LDPC codes with 50% biased noise thresholds, explaining their high thresholds and demonstrating new code constructions with improved finite-bias performance.

Contribution

It provides a theoretical framework for understanding 50% biased noise thresholds in Clifford-deformed codes and introduces new tile code deformations with enhanced finite-bias performance.

Findings

Clifford deformations can achieve near 50% bias thresholds in zero-rate LDPC codes.

New tile code deformations exhibit improved performance at finite bias and circuit-level noise.

The residual bias after syndrome extraction influences code performance, linking theory to practical implementations.

Abstract

Applying single-qubit Clifford unitaries to a Pauli stabilizer code produces a Clifford-deformed variant whose stabilizers remain Pauli operators, but with locally rotated Pauli axes. Such deformations provide a simple way to tailor a fixed code to anisotropic noise, and have enabled unusually high thresholds under strongly biased dephasing. In this work, we discuss zero-rate quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, for which there exist Clifford-deformed variants where the number of biased logical operators scales slower than the distance, or there exists a basis of logical operators whose overlap satisfies certain scaling conditions; in this case, the code-capacity threshold for the Clifford-deformed variant under i.i.d. pure dephasing noise approaches 50%. This property provably explains previously known code examples with 50% biased noise thresholds, such as XY surface code, XZZX surface code, color code, as well as some 3D Clifford-deformed codes. As a concrete new example, we study Clifford deformations of the tile codes of Ref. [1]. Similar to the phase diagram of 50% thresholds for random Clifford deformations of the surface code in Ref. [2], we find a similar phase diagram for the tile codes. We also construct several translationally invariant deformations of the tile code with 50% thresholds, and present numerical evidence for improved performance at finite bias and under circuit-level noise. In the circuit-level setting, performance is governed by the residual bias after a full syndrome-extraction cycle, linking our simulations to phenomenological models commonly used to study Clifford-deformed codes. We estimate this residual bias for different qubit platforms by modeling microscopic implementations of tile-code syndrome extraction.