Wormholes and Averaging over N

TL;DR

The paper proposes Mellin averaging over N to explain the apparent randomness in wormhole physics and tests this idea using spectral form factors and toy models, linking gravitational path integrals to ensemble averages.

Contribution

It introduces Mellin averaging as a novel method to reproduce wormhole-induced ensemble averages in theories with a single parameter N, assuming analytic continuation and small fluctuations.

Findings

Mellin averaging can replicate the randomness in wormhole physics.

Spectral form factor analysis supports the Mellin averaging approach.

Toy models demonstrate the feasibility of analytic continuation in N.

Abstract

The gravitational path integral produces an asymptotic expansion in $G_N$, a fact which is puzzling in the case of observables that are expected to fluctuate wildly. Wormholes appear to compute ensemble averages of functions of such observables, though in typical constructions of AdS/CFT, there are no parameters to average over except, in some examples, a single integer $N$. We introduce a procedure that we call ``Mellin averaging'' to define a sort of asymptotic average of a function of $N$. We argue that Mellin averaging over $N$ may suffice to reproduce the apparent randomness seen in wormhole physics, provided that the dual theory admits an analytic continuation in $N$ and the relevant observables fluctuate on superpolynomially small scales in $N$. As a test case, we consider the spectral form factor in the regime where the double cone is believed to dominate the gravitational path integral and compare to a random matrix theory in which $N$ behaves as a continuous variable. We also describe some toy models of analytic continuation in $N$: a qubit model that can be analytically continued in $N$, and an explicit construction of a deterministic function of $N$ that simulates a sequence of independent draws from a Gaussian ensemble.