A Deterministic Agentic Workflow for HS Tariff Classification: Multi-Dimensional Rule Reasoning with Interpretable Decisions

TL;DR

This paper introduces a deterministic, interpretable workflow for HS tariff classification that effectively manages multi-dimensional rule reasoning, outperforming large language models in accuracy and transparency.

Contribution

It presents a fixed control flow architecture combining offline knowledge engineering with a six-stage pipeline, enhancing interpretability and accuracy in tariff classification tasks.

Findings

Achieves 75.0% top-1 accuracy at four digits and 64.2% at six digits with Qwen3.6-plus.

Open-weight Qwen3.6-27B-FP8 reaches 84.2% four-digit and 77.4% six-digit top-1 agreement.

Manual audit suggests some ground-truth labels may deviate from HS rules, indicating potential data issues.

Abstract

Harmonized System (HS) tariff classification is a high-stakes, expert-level task in which a free-form product description must be mapped to a specific six- or eight-digit code under the General Interpretive Rules (GIR), section notes, chapter notes, and Explanatory Notes. The difficulty lies not in knowledge volume but in *multi-dimensional rule reasoning*: a correct classification must satisfy competing priority rules along several axes simultaneously, including material, form, function, essential character, the part-versus-whole boundary, and specific listing versus residual headings. End-to-end prompting of large language models fails characteristically by resolving one axis while ignoring the priority constraints on the others. We present a *deterministic agentic workflow* in contrast to self-planning agents: the control flow is fixed, language model calls are confined to narrow stages, and reflection and verification are retained as local mechanisms. This design yields interpretability by construction--each decision is decomposed into stage-wise structured outputs with verbatim citation of the chapter or section notes that bear on it. The architecture combines offline knowledge-engineering of the Chinese HS tariff with an online six-stage pipeline. Evaluated on HSCodeComp at the six-digit level, the workflow reaches 75.0% top-1 and 91.5% top-3 at four digits, and 64.2% top-1 and 78.3% top-3 at six digits with Qwen3.6-plus; an open-weight Qwen3.6-27B-FP8 backbone in non-thinking mode achieves 84.2% four-digit and 77.4% six-digit top-1 agreement with the frontier model. A two-stage manual audit of 226 six-digit disagreements suggests that a non-trivial fraction of HSCodeComp ground-truth labels may deviate from HS general rules; full adjudication records are released in the appendix as preliminary findings for community review.