Frequency Nadir-Constrained Power System Restoration Planning with Energy Storage

TL;DR

This paper introduces a MILP framework for power system restoration that ensures frequency stability by predicting and limiting frequency nadirs, leveraging energy storage systems to improve recovery speed and security.

Contribution

It develops a frequency nadir prediction method integrated into a multiperiod optimization framework for restoration planning with energy storage.

Findings

Restoration plans maintain frequency within safe limits.

Energy storage systems reduce restoration time.

Framework validated on IEEE 9-bus system with MATLAB and PSS/E.

Abstract

Power system restoration following blackouts must ensure frequency stability throughout the recovery process. This paper proposes a frequency-constrained mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework for black-start restoration planning in transmission systems with synchronous machines and energy storage systems. To prevent excessive frequency deviations caused by restorative actions, a frequency nadir prediction method is developed for power systems with energy storage system (ESS) integration and incorporated into a multiperiod optimization framework. The formulation ensures that frequency deviations resulting from restorative actions remain within prescribed safe limits. Furthermore, the presented framework leverages ESSs to enhance frequency security and recovery speed. Case studies on a modified IEEE 9-bus system demonstrate that the computed restoration plan maintains frequency security, as validated through MATLAB and PSS/E simulations, while reducing restoration time through ESS coordination.