A study of variational single solitary waves governed by the conservative-extended KdV equation with applications to shallow water dispersive shocks

TL;DR

This paper uses a variational approach to analyze single solitary wave solutions of an extended KdV equation, demonstrating their accuracy and applicability to shallow water dispersive shocks and hydrodynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a simpler variational method for solitary waves in the extended KdV equation and compares results with numerical simulations for practical shallow water applications.

Findings

Variational solutions are simpler and more applicable than previous methods.

Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and numerical simulations.

Extended KdV captures complex dispersive shock phenomena in shallow water.

Abstract

The extended KdV equation is a nonlinear dispersive wave model that is asymptotically or variationally derived from the full dispersive Euler shallow water waves equations when gravity-capillary and higher order nonlinear effects are taken into account, under weakly nonlinear and long-wave approximations. This reduction introduces four additional terms beyond the classical KdV equation: a nonlinear term (quadratic nonlinearity), two nonlinear-dispersive terms, and a fully dispersive term (fifth order dispersion). In this paper, we employ a variational approach based on averaged Lagrangians to analyze the accuracy of single solitary wave solutions governed by a particular extended KdV equation where energy conservation is a key feature. Compared with solitary wave solutions previously obtained through higher order asymptotics and algebraic methods, the present variational solutions are notably simpler and more readily applicable to practical problems. The solitary wave solutions obtained through this method are then systematically compared with direct numerical simulations, and the corresponding results are critically discussed. We further demonstrate the applicability of these single solitary waves to problems in the field of non-convex dispersive hydrodynamics. These problems include shallow water classical undular bores, commonly known as dispersive shock waves, and non-classical (resonant) dispersive shocks which are additionally analyzed using the concept of Whitham shocks. Theoretical predictions show excellent agreement with numerical simulations.