No-go theorem for spontaneous vectorization

TL;DR

This paper proves that spontaneous vectorization of black holes cannot occur without instabilities, establishing bounds on theory parameters and identifying a spin threshold for Kerr black hole instability.

Contribution

It demonstrates that negative effective mass squared for vector fields inevitably leads to instabilities, ruling out spontaneous vectorization from stable initial black hole states.

Findings

Negative effective mass squared causes ghost or gradient instabilities.

Bounds on coupling constants depend on black hole parameters.

Kerr black holes become unstable above a critical spin.

Abstract

Generalized vector-tensor theories of gravity have drawn attention for admitting hairy black hole solutions, thereby circumventing the standard no-hair theorems. It remains an open question, however, how such black holes may form starting from reasonable initial conditions. It has been suggested that vector hair may grow spontaneously as a result of the field developing a negative effective mass squared $-$ the so-called spontaneous vectorization mechanism. We demonstrate that this is not possible if the initial state is a hairless black hole, a result that applies to essentially all stationary and axisymmetric solutions of interest in general relativity. More precisely, we prove that the appearance of a negative effective mass squared for the vector field must necessarily be accompanied by ghost- or gradient-type instabilities. Demanding the absence of such instabilities translates into interesting bounds on the coupling constants of the theory as functions of the black hole parameters. In particular, we discover that a Kerr black hole may become unstable when the spin increases above a certain critical value.