The Co-evolution of Costly Signaling and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas

TL;DR

This study models how costly signaling co-evolves with cooperation across various social dilemmas, revealing conditions under which signals promote sustained cooperation in different population structures.

Contribution

It demonstrates how costly signals can persist by organizing cooperative responses, especially in social dilemmas like PD, SD, and SH, across different population structures.

Findings

Signals are selected more for elicited cooperation than production cost.

Partial cooperation is sustained in well-mixed populations for PD and SD.

Local assortment on lattices further strengthens cooperation.

Abstract

Costly cooperation and costly signaling are both difficult to reconcile with simple fitness maximization, yet both are common in biological and social systems. We study a model in which agents emit costly signals and condition their actions on the signals they observe. Across the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD), Snowdrift (SD), and Stag Hunt (SH) games, we ask when this coevolutionary process can sustain cooperation and how it changes across well-mixed populations, spatial lattices, and fluctuating strategic environments. The simulations show that signals are selected less by their raw production costs than by the cooperative responses they currently elicit. In well-mixed populations, the mechanism sustains partial cooperation in PD and SD and drives near-complete cooperation in SH. On lattices, cooperation is strengthened further by local assortment. A reduced mean-field analysis explains why average population feedback is already sufficient in SD and SH, but not in the PD. To account for the PD dynamics, the reduced theory must include transient correlations associated with rare signals, inheritance, or spatial clustering. Our results therefore delineate a class of settings in which costly signals persist because they transiently organize cooperative responses and thereby reshape the effective strategic environment.