Theory of fracture initiation and propagation in viscoelastic media

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive theoretical framework based on the Lagrange--d'Alembert principle to predict delayed fracture initiation and crack propagation in viscoelastic materials, validated by experiments and finite element analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a rigorous, experimentally validated model for viscoelastic delayed fracture, including a new J-integral formulation for time-varying loads.

Findings

Good agreement between theory and experiments over various loading conditions.

Crack propagation initiates at finite speed and steady-state conditions are quickly established.

Finite element analysis supports the role of adhesion forces and the new J-integral formulation.

Abstract

Crack initiation and propagation are fundamental problems in materials science, often leading to catastrophic failure. While fracture in elastic solids occurs instantaneously above a critical load, viscoelastic materials may sustain high loads for a finite time before cracks start to propagate. This phenomenon, known as delayed fracture, has been widely observed experimentally but is still only partially understood theoretically. In this study, we present a rigorous framework based on the Lagrange--d'Alembert principle of virtual work (PVW) to predict both the viscoelastic delay time and the subsequent crack evolution under arbitrary loading histories. We derive how the delay time depends on the applied remote load and validate the theory through quantitative comparison with experiments, using directly measured delay times together with DMA-based viscoelastic characterization of the material. Very good agreement is obtained over a broad range of loading and delay times. Our results also show that crack propagation starts at finite speed and that load-dependent steady-state conditions are soon established. Finite element analyses further support the proposed framework and clarify the role of finite-ranged adhesion forces at fixed adhesion energy, showing that shorter interaction ranges yield results in quantitative agreement with theory. We also present, for the first time, a rigorous J-integral formulation valid for linear viscoelastic solids under arbitrary, time-varying loading histories. The result restores path independence and yields a generalized Griffith criterion that naturally predicts delayed fracture initiation in non-conservative materials. Remarkably, fracture initiation can be described without specifying the detailed stress distribution within the process zone, as long as it remains small relative to the crack length.