Generalized Mass-to-Horizon Entropy and Horizon Thermodynamics

TL;DR

This paper introduces a generalized mass-to-horizon entropy framework, deriving modified cosmological equations and analyzing thermodynamic stability, supporting its viability for describing cosmic evolution and acceleration.

Contribution

It extends the standard entropy model with a two-parameter generalization, deriving new cosmological equations and analyzing stability and thermodynamics.

Findings

The generalized entropy leads to modified Friedmann equations.

The universe tends toward a stable maximum entropy state.

Horizon energy fluctuations are finite and stable throughout cosmic evolution.

Abstract

We investigate the cosmological implications of generalized mass-to-horizon entropy, a two-parameter extension of the standard Bekenstein entropy based on the mass-to-horizon relation. Assuming the entropy balance relation, we derive the change in the generalized mass-to-horizon entropy, which entirely accounts for the heat exchange across the horizon as measured by an observer near the apparent horizon. We have then derived the Friedmann equation, using the Clausius relation, and also using modified law of thermodynamics. The thermodynamic consistency of the entropy, is examined through entropy evolution and entropy maximization conditions, where the generalized entropy and its higher-order derivatives indicate that the universe evolves toward a stable maximum entropy configuration consistent with the generalized second law of thermodynamics. In addition, fluctuations in horizon energy are investigated to probe the thermal stability and thermodynamic behavior of the cosmic horizon. The fluctuation analysis reveals finite and physically stable behavior throughout cosmic evolution, supporting the thermodynamic viability of the proposed model. The present work therefore establishes the generalized mass-to-horizon entropy as a viable thermodynamic framework for describing modified cosmological dynamics and also the accelerated expansion of the universe as well.