Air entrainment by an inclined smooth water jet

TL;DR

This paper investigates how an inclined water jet impacts a water surface, causing air entrainment and bubble formation through cavity dynamics and shear layer destabilization.

Contribution

It establishes a link between cavity geometry, wavefield destabilization, and bubble cloud formation during jet impact.

Findings

Bubbles originate from wavefield destabilization at the cavity interface.

The wavefield results from shear layer creation due to asymmetric flow detachment.

A comprehensive description of bubble size distribution mechanisms is developed.

Abstract

Air entrainment can occur when a water jet impacts a water/air interface, a process central in various real systems, ranging from dam spills to breaking waves. Despite its prevalence, a comprehensive description of the mechanism controlling bubble size distribution remains elusive. Here, we establish a link between the geometry and the dynamics of the cavity observed when an inclined impinging jet impacts a water interface and the resulting bubble cloud. We show that the bubbles result from the destabilization of the wavefield developing at the interface of the cavity. The origin of this wave field is the creation of a shear layer, due to the asymmetric detachment of the flow field from the interface.