Digital Annealer-Assisted Accuracy-First Quantum Circuit Transpilation with Integrated QUBO Mapping and Routing

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Digital Annealer-based framework for quantum circuit transpilation that prioritizes gate reduction to improve fidelity in NISQ devices, outperforming traditional heuristics in structured circuits.

Contribution

It presents a novel DA-assisted global mapping and routing approach that significantly reduces CNOT gates, offering a practical trade-off between optimization quality and computational overhead.

Findings

Hybrid approach reduces CNOTs by 13.7% on average, up to 57.4%.

Full DA outperforms existing methods on structured circuits, with up to 90.8% improvement.

Global optimization improves circuit fidelity despite higher computational cost.

Abstract

In the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, limited qubit counts and high gate error rates directly constrain circuit fidelity, making the minimization of CNOT gate counts crucial. While conventional compilers prioritize heuristic efficiency, there is a compelling need for "accuracy-first" transpilation that prioritizes gate reduction over compilation latency. We propose a framework leveraging the Digital Annealer (DA) via two complementary strategies: (1) Hybrid, which uses DA-driven global initial mapping combined with high-speed heuristic routing by Qiskit, and (2) Full DA, which solves mapping and routing as separate DA-assisted QUBO subproblems within an iterative workflow. Benchmarks demonstrate that our Hybrid approach achieves an average CNOT reduction of 13.7 % (up to 57.4 %) compared to Qiskit's highest optimization level, with the largest gains on structured circuits such as GHZ and ASP where the initial layout is decisive. The Full DA approach matches Hybrid on structured circuits and outperforms ISAAQ by 23.1 % on average (maximum 90.8 %), but degrades on circuits with random or concentrated connectivity - exposing a trade-off between QUBO size and solution quality when the entire circuit is encoded in a single annealing pass. Although these global optimizations incur higher computational overhead than pure heuristics, our results indicate that for high-precision workflows where gate noise is the primary bottleneck, DA-assisted global initial placement provides a practical "time-for-quality" trade-off for enhancing the utility of near-term quantum hardware.