Urschel Nodal Domains via Perturbation Theory

TL;DR

This paper establishes new Courant nodal domain theorems for generalized Laplacians on graphs using perturbation theory and an invariant called the Urschel number, providing refined bounds and classifications of eigenvector zeroes.

Contribution

It introduces refined invariants based on Urschel's number, classifies zeroes of eigenvectors, and extends nodal domain theorems for graphs with multiplicities.

Findings

Existence of orthogonal eigenvectors with bounds on Urschel numbers

Classification of zeroes as shallow or deep for simple eigenvalues

Bound on maximum nodal domains when no deep vertices are present

Abstract

We prove several types of Courant nodal domain theorems for generalized Laplacians on graphs, based on an invariant introduced by Urschel, which we call the "Urschel number", denoted ${\rm UN}({\bf f})$, of an eigenvector ${\bf f}$. We refine Urschel's invariant, and use perturbation techniques to obtain some new results. First, we show the existence of mutually orthogonal eigenvectors, such that if the $k$-th eigenvalue has multiplicity $m$, then for $0\le j\le m-1$, ${\rm UN}({\bf f}_{k+j})\le k+\min(j,(m-1)-j)$. Second, for a simple $k$-th eigenvalue, we classify the zeroes of ${\bf f}_k$ as either "shallow or "deep"; we obtain a number of results that say, roughly speaking, the more shallow vertices ${\bf f}_k$ has, the more control we have over our new invariants based on Urschel's. Our new invariants of an eigenvector, ${\bf f}_k$, are a sequence of integers whose minimum value is ${\rm UN}({\bf f}_k)$ and whose maximum, denoted ${\rm UN}_{\max{}}({\bf f}_k)$, is the maximum number of nodal domains of any possible positive/negative signing or "charge" of the zeroes of ${\bf f}_k$. An example of our second type of result is that if ${\bf f}_k$ has no deep vertices, then ${\rm UN}_{\max{}}({\bf f}_k)\le k$. We provide a number of examples to illustrate our main results, and how they differ from the situation in analysis. We also describe a minor improvement of the Gladwell-Zhu theorem for an orthonormal eigenbasis in the presence of eigenvalues of sufficient multiplicity.