The applicability of the JAGB method for measuring the distance of galaxies subject to different metal enrichment rates

TL;DR

This study assesses the robustness of the JAGB method for galaxy distance measurement, focusing on how metallicity evolution affects the J-band luminosity function and identifying a more reliable distance indicator.

Contribution

It provides a detailed theoretical analysis showing that the mean J-band magnitude is a stable distance indicator across different metallicity histories.

Findings

The JAGB population mainly consists of stars formed 1-6 Gyr ago.

The shape of the JLF varies significantly with metal enrichment history.

The mean J-band magnitude, MavJ, is consistently around -6.2 mag, making it a reliable distance indicator.

Abstract

The JAGB method has been proposed in recent years as a possible distance indicator for galaxies in the Local Group and beyond. However, the nature of the stars populating the J region, and the conditions required for the direct application of this method, still need to be clarified. We investigate the robustness of the JAGB method through a detailed theoretical analysis of the stars populating the J region of the (J-Ks, J) diagram. The main goal is to identify the properties of the corresponding J luminosity function (JLF) that are minimally affected by the previous evolutionary history of the host galaxy, particularly its metal enrichment history. We use a population synthesis approach based on AGB stellar evolution models coupled consistently with dust formation in the stellar wind. Synthetic stellar distributions in the (J-Ks, J) diagram and the related JLFs are calculated for different assumptions on the metallicity evolution of the interstellar medium, in order to study how the JLF depends on the efficiency of metal enrichment. We find that the JAGB population is dominated by stars formed between about 1 and 6 Gyr ago, while stars formed outside this interval contribute only marginally to the JAGB region. The shape of the JLF strongly depends on the metal enrichment history, and the position of the J-band peak varies by more than 0.3 mag among the different cases explored. Conversely, the mean J-band magnitude, MavJ, is much less sensitive to the previous history of the galaxy and therefore represents a more reliable distance indicator. For all the cases investigated we find MavJ = -6.2 +/- 0.05 mag. We also discuss the uncertainties related to the still poorly constrained mass-loss process experienced by low-mass stars during the red giant branch phase.