Joint probabilistic inference of galaxy redshifts and rest-frame spectra from photometric fluxes with latent diffusion

TL;DR

This paper introduces a probabilistic framework using latent diffusion models to jointly infer galaxy redshifts and rest-frame spectra from broadband photometric data, enabling accurate spectral reconstruction and redshift estimation.

Contribution

It presents a novel generative approach that combines a spectral autoencoder with diffusion models to infer galaxy properties from photometry, achieving high-quality spectral reconstructions and redshift PDFs.

Findings

Photometric redshift PDFs are comparable in precision to gradient-boosted decision trees.

Reconstructed spectra accurately reproduce continuum and spectral features.

Dn4000 index from reconstructed spectra agrees well with observed spectra.

Abstract

Wide-field imaging surveys now provide photometry for billions of sources, while spectroscopic observations remain limited, motivating methods that can extract spectroscopic information from photometric data. We present a generative framework for the joint probabilistic inference of galaxy redshifts and rest-frame spectra from broadband photometric fluxes. The model provides a sampling-based estimate of the photometric-redshift probability density function (PDF) for each galaxy, from which accurate point estimates are derived, and reconstructs rest-frame spectra that preserve key spectral properties. We pre-train a spectral autoencoder, SPENDER, on 5 million DESI DR1 spectra to learn a low-dimensional latent space that represents rest-frame spectra. Conditioned on galaxy broadband photometric fluxes, a diffusion model jointly infers the corresponding spectral latent representation and photometric redshift. The inferred latent representation is decoded into a high-resolution rest-frame spectrum, which can be transformed to the observed frame by redshifting and resampling. Sampling from the conditional diffusion model yields a full photometric-redshift PDF for each galaxy, with the resulting point estimates showing a precision comparable to that of a gradient-boosted decision tree model. In most cases, the reconstructed rest-frame spectra reproduce the overall continuum shape and capture the presence of prominent spectral features. For galaxies with sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratios in their observed spectra, the Dn4000 index shows good agreement between the reconstructed spectra and the observed spectra. On average, the spectral reconstruction residuals are close to the noise level of the observed spectra. Latent-diffusion generative modeling enables joint inference of galaxy photometric-redshift PDFs and rest-frame spectra from photometric fluxes.