Construction, commissioning, and beam test of a pilot 3D-projection opaque water-based liquid scintillator detector

TL;DR

This paper details the design, construction, and testing of a novel 3D-projection detector using opaque water-based liquid scintillator, demonstrating effective optical confinement and promising timing resolution for future particle physics applications.

Contribution

It introduces a scalable 3D-projection detector with effective optical confinement and precise timing, validated through beam tests with cosmic rays and protons.

Findings

Tighter light confinement than Geant4 simulation predicts.

Achieved single-channel timing resolution of 0.17–0.28 ns.

Confirmed optical confinement of scintillation light in oWbLS.

Abstract

We report on the design, construction, and beam test of a pilot three-dimensional projection detector based on opaque water-based liquid scintillator (oWbLS). The detector consists of an $8 \times 8 \times 16$ cm$^3$ acrylic vessel instrumented with three orthogonal planes of Kuraray Y11 multi-clad wavelength-shifting fibers read out by Hamamatsu multi-pixel photon counters. The readout electronics are based on the CITIROC front-end boards developed for the WAGASCI and SuperFGD detectors of the T2K experiment. The detector was filled with oWbLS and tested with cosmic rays and proton beams of 50, 100, 250, and 500 MeV kinetic energy at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We present three-dimensional event displays of cosmic muon and proton beam candidates, and a study of transverse light confinement via radial charge distribution measurements. The measured data show tighter light confinement than a Geant4 simulation with a 2 cm scattering length, placing the effective scattering length well below 2 cm and confirming effective optical confinement of scintillation light in the oWbLS medium. A first measurement of the hit-level timing resolution using 500 MeV proton beam data yields a single-channel timing resolution of $\sigma_t \approx 0.17$--$0.28$ ns with good photostatistics. These results demonstrate the viability of the 3D-projection oWbLS technology as a scalable, fully-active detector concept for next-generation particle physics experiments.