High-speed single-photoelectron detection for Cherenkov astronomy

TL;DR

This paper introduces a custom silicon photomultiplier sensor and ASIC system that achieves nanosecond timing, single-photoelectron resolution, and high dynamic range, suitable for Cherenkov telescope imaging.

Contribution

It presents a co-designed SiPM sensor and ASIC with integrated optical filtering and segmentation, optimized for high-speed, low-noise Cherenkov astronomy applications.

Findings

Achieved clear single-photoelectron peak separation with high gain.

Demonstrated impulse response below 4 ns FWHM and 1.7 ns rise time.

System responds linearly from 1 to 130 photoelectrons, resolving 55 peaks.

Abstract

Silicon photomultipliers are increasingly replacing photomultiplier tubes in Cherenkov telescope cameras, but achieving single-photoelectron resolution with nanosecond timing in a low-noise, scalable detector system remains challenging. We present a co-designed SiPM sensor and front-end application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that meets these requirements. The custom hexagonal sensor, developed with Hamamatsu Photonics, incorporates an integrated optical filter and fourfold pixel segmentation. The readout is performed by a second prototype of the FANSIC ASIC, optimized for this application and fabricated in 65~nm standard CMOS technology, it provides eight channels with on-chip analog summing of sub-channels on a $3.5\times 3.5~\mathrm{mm}^2$ die, while consuming only 24~mW per channel. We demonstrate clear single-photoelectron peak separation with a gain of $2.7 \times 10^{-12}~ \mathrm{V \cdot s}$ , and an impulse response below 4~ns full width at half maximum with a 1.7 ns rise time, preserving the nanosecond-scale structure of Cherenkov pulses. The system responds linearly from 1 to 130 photoelectrons, and 55 distinct photoelectron peaks are resolved by varying the source intensity. These results demonstrate that the integrated sensor-electronics architecture delivers the speed, resolution, and dynamic range required for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, and provides a scalable path toward large-area camera modules.