OrbitBFT: Enabling Scalable and Robust BFT Consensus in LEO Constellations

TL;DR

OrbitBFT introduces a hierarchical BFT consensus protocol tailored for LEO satellite constellations, enhancing scalability, reliability, and efficiency in dynamic, bandwidth-constrained environments.

Contribution

It presents a novel two-stage hierarchical BFT protocol that exploits orbital topology and resilient message passing, adapting PBFT and HotStuff for satellite networks.

Findings

Significantly improves scalability, throughput, and latency in satellite BFT consensus.

Reduces communication overhead through intra-plane partitioning.

Ensures reliable message delivery despite adversarial behavior.

Abstract

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are evolving from communication relays into autonomous platforms operating in increasingly congested and contested environments. Since uplinks to ground stations can be severed or jammed, ensuring reliable coordination among satellites requires autonomous Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus. However, applying conventional BFT protocols to LEO constellations is challenging due to their dynamic topology, sparse connectivity, and limited communication bandwidth. In this paper, we present OrbitBFT, a novel two-stage hierarchical BFT consensus protocol tailored to the unique characteristics of LEO constellations. First, OrbitBFT exploits the topological stability within orbital planes to partition the constellation and perform localized intra-plane consensus, which reduces communication overhead. Second, we design a Byzantine-resilient bypass mechanism and a hop-by-hop transmission protocol to ensure reliable message delivery and mitigate congestion, even in the presence of adversarial behavior. Third, we adapt and optimize PBFT and HotStuff to the LEO context, achieving linear message complexity while preserving safety and liveness. Extensive evaluations in a realistic Starlink-based simulation demonstrate that OrbitBFT significantly improves scalability, throughput, and latency compared to its original designs, making it a practical and efficient BFT solution for large-scale satellite networks.