A Unified Local Light-shifts Encoding For Solving Optimization Problems on a Rydberg Annealer

TL;DR

This paper introduces a unified quantum encoding framework for solving various NP-hard optimization problems on a Rydberg quantum platform, enhancing scalability and resource efficiency.

Contribution

It presents a direct mapping of QUBO problems onto Rydberg systems with optimized annealing protocols, broadening application scope and improving scalability.

Findings

Demonstrated a direct mapping from QUBO to Rydberg platform

Reduced resource overhead through distance-dependent interactions

Introduced a generalized hardness parameter for problem complexity

Abstract

Combinatorial optimization problems play a central role in computer science with many real world applications. A number of relevant problems remain computationally difficult to solve as they lie in the NP-hard complexity class. We present a unified framework for solving such optimization problems represented in the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formalism, namely two-SAT, XOR-SAT, mixed-two-XOR-SAT, set packing, quadratic assignment, binary clustering, and protein folding, by expanding the domain of applications of \textit{PRR, 6(2), 023031}. A direct mapping from the QUBO form of these problems onto the Rydberg quantum platform is demonstrated as our first step. This mapping to the Rydberg system depends on distance-dependent long-range interactions and configurable local detuning, thus reducing resource overhead and improving scalability. Following-up on the encoding, the solution is reached by steering the system toward the ground state of the target Hamiltonian using an optimized quantum annealing protocol that controls the time-dependent detuning and Rabi frequency profiles. The framework can handle a variety of problems, each with different complexity. To quantify the complexity of any problem, a generalized hardness parameter is introduced that compares different problems based on the structure of their optimization landscapes. This is a proceedings contribution to the Athens Workshop in Theoretical Physics: 10th Anniversary, held at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens on December 17-19 2025.