The 2MIG isolated AGNs. 3. Optical--IR variability and dust reverberation in the NLSy1 galaxies Mrk~42 and Mrk~493

TL;DR

This study investigates optical and mid-infrared variability and dust reverberation in two isolated NLSy1 galaxies, providing new measurements of dust radii, scale ratios, and variability behaviors using multi-wavelength time-domain data.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed optical--IR dust reverberation analysis of isolated NLSy1 galaxies, including new lag measurements and insights into their variability and dust structure.

Findings

Both galaxies show positive optical--MIR lags consistent with dust reverberation.

Measured dust radii are approximately 0.065 pc for Mrk 493 and 0.032 pc for Mrk 42.

The dust-to-BLR radius ratios are around 6 to 7, indicating similar radial hierarchies.

Abstract

This work presents the first dedicated optical--mid-infrared time-domain variability and dust-reverberation analysis of the isolated NLSy1 galaxies Mrk 42 and Mrk 493. We combine ZTF optical light curves, WISE mid-infrared monitoring, archival Swift and SDSS data, and high-cadence IAC80 optical observations. Using colour--magnitude relations, flux--flux analysis, and interpolated cross-correlation functions, we trace variable optical continuum and delayed dust response. Both galaxies show positive optical--MIR lags consistent with dust reverberation. For Mrk 493, we measure an observed-frame g--W1 lag of $\tau_{\rm obs}=79.4\pm2.2$ d, corresponding to $R_{\rm dust}(W1)\simeq0.0648$ pc. For Mrk 42, the corresponding lag is $\tau_{\rm obs}=39.1\pm2.6$ d, giving $R_{\rm dust}(W1)\simeq0.0320$ pc. These lags provide optical--MIR dust-reverberation radii and BLR--dust scale comparisons for both objects; the resulting $R_{\rm dust}/R_{\rm BLR}$ ratios are $\simeq6.8$ for Mrk 493 and $\sim6$--7 for Mrk 42. For Mrk 42, we derive the first host-subtracted AGN continuum luminosity at 5100 \AA\ from SDSS spectral decomposition, giving a self-consistent BLR--dust comparison on an AGN-only luminosity basis. Both galaxies have similar radial hierarchies but different colour behaviour: Mrk 493 shows significant optical and MIR bluer-when-brighter trends, whereas Mrk 42 shows strong optical but weak MIR colour variability. We also identify and analyse a major optical flare in Mrk 42 with four internal maxima spaced by 45--47 d. We interpret this signal as quasi-periodic substructure within a broader accretion-driven flare, rather than as a strictly coherent periodic process. These results indicate that, even in dynamically isolated environments, the variability of low-mass, high-accretion-rate AGNs is governed mainly by the intrinsic state of the accretion flow and its coupling to circumnuclear dust.