Passive Imaging with Quantum Advantage

TL;DR

This paper introduces Fourier Domain Division, a passive quantum imaging method that enhances resolution by reducing shot noise effects, demonstrated in microscopy with significant improvements in high-frequency information.

Contribution

The authors propose and implement a novel Fourier domain pre-processing technique that improves quantum imaging resolution in photon-starved conditions, applicable across various fields.

Findings

Achieved 5-fold Fisher information improvement on high spatial frequencies.

Reduced photon requirements for a given signal-to-noise ratio.

Demonstrated applicability in microscopy, astronomy, and remote sensing.

Abstract

Far-field optical imaging inevitably involves low-pass spatial filtering, limiting the resolution. Moreover, conventional imaging suppresses high spatial frequency components close to the cutoff, making them invisible under noise, particularly the shot noise arising from discrete and random nature of quantum light. Here we propose and implement a method for reducing the effect of this noise by optically pre-processing the incoming light prior to detection, thereby optimizing the quantum measurement performed on it. Our scheme, termed Fourier Domain Division (FDD), partitions the Fourier plane into multiple regions for independent detection and subsequent post-processing for image reconstruction. By analyzing the quantum and classical Fisher information, we show that our method is advantageous with respect to direct imaging for high spatial-frequency components. As a result, the number of photons required to achieve a certain signal-to-noise-ratio in the Fourier domain is reduced, thus enhancing the overall resolution in the photon-starved regime. We demonstrate our method in microscopy, achieving 5-fold improvement of Fisher information on high spatial-frequency components. Unlike active super-resolution methods, FDD is passive, making it broadly applicable in microscopy and other imaging scenarios where active illumination is impractical, including astronomy and remote sensing. Our work establishes a general strategy for designing quantum optimized superresolution imaging systems, bridging fundamental quantum limits, practical image analysis and computer vision applications.