Interpretable Neural Networks to Predict Momentum Fluxes of Orographic Gravity Waves

TL;DR

This study develops neural network-based parameterisations trained on reanalysis data to predict momentum fluxes of orographic gravity waves, aiming to enhance climate model accuracy.

Contribution

It introduces a machine learning approach to explicitly predict gravity wave momentum fluxes, improving upon traditional parameterisations in Earth system models.

Findings

Neural networks achieved R^2 values up to 0.72 in predicting momentum fluxes.

Models learned physically meaningful relationships as shown by SHAP analysis.

Comparison with existing schemes indicates potential for improved gravity wave representation.

Abstract

State-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) cannot explicitly resolve many small-scale atmospheric processes such as atmospheric gravity waves, and thus must represent, or parameterise, their effects on the resolved state. Machine learning (ML) has the potential to improve these parameterisations. In our study, we train neural networks (NNs) on ERA5 reanalysis data to predict momentum fluxes of orographic gravity waves as a function of the state variables at the resolution of a coarse ESM. Employing a full year of data, we extract inertia-gravity waves using the software MODES, which applies linear theory for wave filtering, and train ML models on data coarse-grained to the ESM's target resolution. We consider four different cases: the full spectrum of inertia-gravity waves resolved in ERA5, or just the part of the spectrum that is subgrid-scale in the target ESM, both over all land or just over mountainous terrain. Our NNs successfully predict momentum fluxes, with a global coefficient of determination ($R^2$) ranging from 0.72 to 0.56, depending on the case, when evaluated offline with data from another year. An analysis of our models using SHAP values, an explainable AI technique, suggests that the networks learned physically meaningful relationships. In addition, we give a comparison with the physics-based parameterisation scheme by Lott and Miller. This work forms the basis for the development of operational ML-based parameterisations to improve the representation of gravity waves and their effects in climate models.