Near-infrared diagnostic diagrams of the gas ionization sources in nearby galaxies: a JWST NIRSpec view

TL;DR

This study develops new near-infrared diagnostic diagrams using JWST-NIRSpec data to better distinguish ionization sources in nearby galaxies, especially in obscured regions.

Contribution

The paper introduces two novel NIR diagnostic diagrams based on [C i]/Pa and H2 1-0 O(5)/PAH ratios, correlating with radiation hardness and excitation mechanisms.

Findings

Proposed diagnostic diagrams effectively differentiate excitation sources.

Line width analysis correlates with excitation mechanisms.

H2 emission in AGN hosts involves multiple excitation processes.

Abstract

Buried active galactic nuclei and obscured young stellar clusters pose significant challenges to traditional optical diagnostic diagrams. Therefore, developing new tools to trace the excitation sources across the spectrum is a necessary effort for the advancement of the field. Our goal is to explore the full spectral range of the JWST-NIRSpec data, searching for alternative diagnostic diagrams in the less-explored NIR, and to investigate the nature of the ionizing and heating source. We analyze the high-resolution spectra of the circum-nuclear regions of nine local (z < 0.1) U/LIRGS, investigating potential emission-line ratios to trace the excitation mechanisms acting on the line-emitting gas. We investigate these objects using the well-established [Fe ii]/PaB versus H2/Bry diagram, and attempt to correlate its classifications with other emission features across the spectrum. We then compare the empirical classifications with photo-ionization models, in order to evaluate how accurately the data can be reproduced. Finally, we compare the line width at 80% of the total flux (W80 ) of selected emission lines with the corresponding gas excitation mechanisms. We propose two line-excitation diagnostic diagrams based on [C i]/Pay and H2 1-0 O(5)/PAH 3.3 um ratio, which we found to directly correlate with the hardness of the radiation field, and therefore with the gas excitation mechanisms. In addition, the line-kinematics analysis shows that the W80 values of regions excited by star formation are on average slightly lower than those of AGN-excited regions, while shock-excited regions display distinctively higher W80 values compared to the other two groups. Our JWST-NIRSpec results reinforce previous studies showing that the H2 emission in the central regions of AGN hosts is complex and likely produced by multiple excitation mechanisms.