A meta-analysis of the effect of generative AI on productivity and learning in programming

TL;DR

This meta-analysis evaluates 23 studies to determine how generative AI tools impact programming productivity and learning, finding moderate productivity gains but no significant learning improvements, with effects varying by context.

Contribution

It systematically quantifies the effects of GenAI on productivity and learning, highlighting context-dependent outcomes and gaps in educational benefits.

Findings

GenAI assistance has a moderate positive effect on productivity (g=0.33).

Productivity gains are larger in controlled experiments, smaller in real-world settings.

No significant effect of GenAI on learning outcomes (g=0.14).

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is increasingly used for programming, yet it remains unclear when and where GenAI tools lead to productivity gains. Evidence on the effects of GenAI on the long-term development of programming skills is similarly mixed. Here, we present a meta-analysis of $n = 23$ studies reporting $k = 27$ effect sizes to quantify the effect of GenAI-powered coding assistants on productivity and learning. We systematically searched (i) ACM, (ii) arXiv, (iii) Scopus, and (iv) Web of Science for studies published between 2019 and 2025. Studies were required to compare GenAI-assisted with unassisted programming using quantitative measures of (1) productivity (i.e., task completion time, commits, and lines of code) and (2) learning (i.e., exam performance). We assessed the risk of bias using RoB2 and ROBINS-I and compared standardized effect sizes using Hedges' $g$. We find a statistically significant, but moderate positive effect of GenAI assistance on developer productivity ($g = 0.33$, $95\%$ CI: $[0.09, 0.58]$), yet with substantial heterogeneity across settings. Notably, productivity gains tend to be larger in controlled experimental settings, while effects are smaller in open-source and enterprise contexts. In contrast, we find no statistically significant effect of GenAI assistance on learning outcomes ($g = 0.14$, $95\%$ CI: $[-0.18, 0.47]$). Overall, these results highlight that GenAI coding assistants can increase developer productivity, although these gains depend strongly on context. In educational settings, however, the use of GenAI does not consistently translate into improved learning or skill development, which highlights the need for careful integration of GenAI into computer science education.