Double Neutron Star Delay Times Across Cosmic Metallicities: The Role of Helium Star Progenitors

TL;DR

This study explores how metallicity influences the delay time distribution of double neutron star mergers, revealing key timing patterns and formation channels across cosmic environments.

Contribution

It provides detailed population synthesis results showing the impact of metallicity on DNS merger delay times and formation channels, with implications for astrophysical transient phenomena.

Findings

Most DNS mergers occur after ~40 Myr, peaking between 80-250 Myr.

Approximately 15% of DNSs merge within 80 Myr, affecting r-process enrichment.

Over 20% of DNSs merge after 1 Gyr, explaining short gamma-ray bursts in old galaxies.

Abstract

Metallicity can play a significant role in massive binary evolution through its impact on the opacity within stellar interiors and wind-driven mass loss. In this work, we investigate how the double neutron star (DNS) delay time distribution (DTD) is shaped by the metallicity-dependent evolution of the helium star$-$NS progenitor system. Drawing from insights rooted in single and binary star physics, we argue that at a given metallicity, the stellar radius during the helium main-sequence sets a lower limit on the size of the DNS orbit at birth. We then perform population synthesis with the detailed binary evolution code POSYDON to illustrate the resulting DTD across a range of metallicities. Our results indicate that, independent of binary physics assumptions, the majority of DNS mergers across metallicities occur typically no earlier than $\simeq 40\,\rm{Myr}$ after star formation and peaks strongly between $80-250\,\rm{Myr}$. Roughly $15\%$ of DNSs merge within 80 Myr, which may explain $r$-process enrichment in environments with brief star formation histories, while $\gtrsim 20\%$ merge on delay times $>1$Gyr, providing an explanation for short gamma-ray bursts in old, metal-poor galaxies. The shape of the DTD can be complex, with a metallicity-dependent split in the dominant formation channel imprinting a characteristic double-peaked structure. Although ideally oriented natal kicks can produce very short merging DNS, we find that the required kick magnitudes are inconsistent with observations. Our work has implications for assessing the contribution of DNS mergers to $r$-process enrichment and gamma-ray bursts/kilonovae transients across cosmic time.