Rigorous error bounds for dissipative thermal state preparation from weak system-bath coupling

TL;DR

This paper establishes rigorous error bounds for dissipative thermal state preparation using weak system-bath coupling, highlighting the role of the unitary evolution and randomization in improving convergence.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the unitary evolution from system-bath interactions tightens error bounds and can be controlled by tuning the coupling strength, advancing the understanding of analog thermal state preparation.

Findings

Unitary evolution from system-bath interaction improves convergence to the thermal state.

Error bound scales as the square of the system-bath coupling strength J.

Randomization suppresses resonances and bounds variance in observables.

Abstract

Thermal state preparation is a central challenge in the simulation of quantum many-body systems. Yet, provably efficient algorithms for this task were only introduced recently [Chen et al. Nature 646, 561 (2025)]. These algorithms are based on dissipative Lindbladian evolution which exactly fixes the thermal state. Controlled and efficient digital simulation of this evolution, although possible in principle, remains out of reach for present-day quantum hardware. Subsequent work has therefore focused on analog approximations of the proposed Lindbladians via `collision models' with relatively modest requirements -- a resettable bath of ancilla qubits whose couplings to the system can be tuned in time-dependent fashion -- while still admitting rigorous fixed-point error bounds. Existing rigorous approaches, however, do not exploit the fact that these constructions generically implement not only the desired Lindblad dynamics, but also an additional unitary evolution generated by the system Hamiltonian which may aid convergence to the thermal state [Lloyd and Abanin arXiv:2506.21318 (2025)]. Here, we show that this unitary contribution does indeed tighten the fixed-point error bound and demonstrate that it is rigorously controlled by the system-bath coupling strength $J$, scaling as $J^2$. This demonstrates that the effect of the spurious `Lamb shift' term generated by the system-bath interaction can be controlled by tuning $J$. We clarify the role, previously observed, of a randomized implementation in suppressing possible resonances of the drive with the many-body spectrum, and bound the additional variance that this randomization imposes on observables. Finally, we numerically study aspects of the protocol which are relevant for its practical realization, such as the mixing time.