Influence of Refractive Index Distribution on Multimode Soliton Dynamics and Condensation in GRIN-MMFs

TL;DR

This paper theoretically explores how the refractive index profile of graded-index multimode fibers influences multimode soliton behavior, revealing optimal conditions for soliton formation, spatial condensation, and energy transfer dynamics.

Contribution

It identifies the optimal index exponent range for soliton formation and demonstrates control over soliton dynamics and spectral shifts through refractive index tailoring.

Findings

Optimal index exponent range (2.04-2.08) for minimal pulsewidth and energy

Efficient spatial condensation into the fundamental mode within this regime

Reversal of energy flow leading to higher-order mode transfer at specific index values

Abstract

Optical solitons propagating through a multimode fiber represents one of the most fascinating class of objects exhibiting peculiar properties, with widespread potential for applications. We theoretically investigate the effect of the core refractive index distribution, characterized by the index exponent $\alpha$, on the evolution of multimode (MM) soliton beams and their peculiar properties in graded-index multimode fibers. Our analysis reveals an optimal range $\alpha$ = 2.04-2.08, within which MM solitons with minimum pulsewidth and characteristic energy are formed, owing to reduced modal walk-off and enhanced intermodal nonlinear interactions. Within this regime, the MM soliton undergoes efficient spatial condensation into the fundamental mode, resulting in a well-defined quasi-Gaussian output intensity profile. Notably, for some particular values of $\alpha$, we observe a reversal of conventional energy flow associated with MM soliton condensation, leading to the net transfer of energy toward higher-order modes, akin to the thermalization of MM optical fields into negative-temperature equilibrium states. Furthermore, we show that the characteristic Raman-induced spectral redshift of MM solitons can be controlled by tailoring the refractive index distribution. Our results highlight the refractive index distribution as a key control parameter governing MM soliton dynamics and their condensation behavior and are expected to be relevant for the design and optimization of MM fiber-based systems where controlled spatiotemporal dynamics are desired.