Accelerating Noisy Variational Quantum Algorithms with Physics-Informed Denoising Networks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Physics-Informed Denoising Network (PIDN) that significantly reduces the resource cost of error mitigation in variational quantum algorithms by learning to denoise noisy expectation values and gradients, maintaining performance with fewer circuit evaluations.

Contribution

The novel PIDN approach leverages physics-informed learning to replace multiple noisy evaluations with a single denoised estimate, improving efficiency in noisy quantum optimization tasks.

Findings

PIDN achieves performance comparable to ZNE across various quantum algorithms.

Reduces the number of circuit executions by approximately 4 to 6 times.

Maintains high gradient cosine similarity (>0.95) with ZNE during training.

Abstract

Variational quantum algorithms are promising for near-term quantum computing, but are severely limited by hardware noise and the substantial circuit overhead required for error mitigation methods such as Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE). We propose a Physics-Informed Denoising Network (PIDN) that reduces the cost of ZNE by learning a surrogate model of its optimization dynamics. By viewing the variational update as a trajectory in the parameter space, PIDN is trained to reproduce ZNE-mitigated expectation values and gradient directions while incorporating a physics-informed loss that preserves the gradient descent dynamics. Once trained, PIDN replaces repeated multi-noise evaluations with denoised expectation and gradient estimation directly from the current noisy observation and the historical trajectory, significantly reducing circuit executions. We benchmark the approach on the quantum approximate optimization algorithm for 3-regular graphs, Sherrington-Kirkpatrick, and transverse-field Ising models, as well as the variational quantum eigensolver for LiH, BeH$_2$ and H$_2$O. Across all tasks, PIDN attains performance comparable to ZNE, while reducing the number of circuit executions by a factor of approximately 4 to 6. Gradient cosine similarity with ZNE remains above 0.95 throughout training. Robustness analysis shows that PIDN fails only when ZNE itself becomes unreliable, and ablation studies confirm the necessity of the physics-informed loss for maintaining directional consistency. We further find that PIDN tracks optimization dynamics most accurately when the effective loss landscape retains strong low-frequency structure. These results establish PIDN as a scalable, resource-efficient strategy for noise-resilient variational optimization in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum regime.