The structure of gauge invariant Gaussian quantum operations on finite Fermion systems

TL;DR

This paper characterizes gauge-invariant Gaussian quantum operations on finite Fermion systems, providing a structure theorem for semigroups that preserve gauge-invariant Gaussian states and their extensions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel structure theorem for gauge-invariant quantum operations on Fermion systems, parameterized by specific pairs (G, A), and extends these to the full CAR algebra.

Findings

Semigroups are parameterized by pairs (G, A) with specific constraints.

Each semigroup has a natural extension to the full CAR algebra.

Structural results apply to quantum operations preserving gauge-invariant Gaussian states.

Abstract

Let ${\mathcal H}_1$ be a finite dimensional complex Hilbert space. Let $\psi\mapsto Z(\psi)$ be a canonical anti-commutation relations (CAR) field over ${\mathcal H}_1$ acting irreducibly on a Hilbert space ${\mathord{\mathscr K}}$. The $*$-algebra ${\mathscr A}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$ generated by the $Z(\psi)$, $\psi\in {\mathcal H}_1$, is simply all operators on ${\mathscr K}$. However, the CAR field endows ${\mathscr A}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$ with additional structure, and we are concerned with quantum operations acting in harmony with this structure. In particular, there is a {\em gauge automorphism group} generated by ``second quantizing'' $\psi \mapsto e^{it}\psi$. The fixed point algebra of the gauge group, ${\mathscr G}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$, is a sub-algebra of ${\mathscr A}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$ studied by Araki and Wyss. It contains the density matrices of an important class of states, the {\em gauge invariant Gaussian states}, ${\mathfrak S}_{GIG}$. Our focus is on semigroups $\{e^{t{\mathscr L}}\}_{t\geq 0}$ of quantum operations on ${\mathscr A}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$ that map ${\mathfrak S}_{GIG}$ into itself. Each $e^{t{\mathscr L}}$ is one-to-one, and our first main result is a structure theorem for such quantum operations on ${\mathscr G}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$ that map ${\mathfrak S}_{GIG}$ into itself. We apply this to study semigroups of quantum operations on ${\mathscr G}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$ that map ${\mathfrak S}_{GIG}$ into itself. Our second main result is a structure theorem showing that they are parameterized by pairs $(G,A)$ where $G$ is a contraction semigroup generator on ${\mathcal H}_1$, and $0 \leq A \leq -G -G^*$. We then show that each of these semigroups has a natural extension to the full CAR algebra ${\mathscr A}_{{\mathcal H}_1}$. Further results are obtained under further assumptions on the pair $(G,A)$.