Exploring the Limits of End-to-End Feature-Affinity Propagation for Single-Point Supervised Infrared Small Target Detection

TL;DR

This paper introduces GSACP, an end-to-end point-supervised infrared small target detection method that reduces annotation costs and achieves competitive accuracy by using in-batch feature affinity propagation, while analyzing its limitations.

Contribution

The paper proposes a novel end-to-end framework called GSACP that generates point-to-mask supervision online, eliminating external label-evolution loops, and systematically studies its failure modes.

Findings

Achieves 0.6674 mIoU on SIRST3 dataset.

Reduces false-positive artifacts by 38% compared to PAL.

Maps performance boundaries of end-to-end feature propagation methods.

Abstract

Single-point supervised infrared small target detection (IRSTD) drastically reduces dense annotation costs. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods achieve high precision by recovering mask supervision through explicit, offline pseudo-label construction, such as multi-stage active learning and physics-driven mask generation. In this paper, we study a minimalist alternative: generating point-to-mask supervision online through in-batch, point-anchored feature-affinity propagation. We instantiate this paradigm as GSACP, an end-to-end testbed that directly supervises the detector using hard-margin feature affinity gated by local image priors, entirely eliminating external label-evolution loops. This compact design, however, exposes an optimization bottleneck. Because the affinity target is generated from the same feature representation being optimized, training forms a self-referential loop. We theoretically formalize this as \emph{Self-Referential Propagation Drift}, a representation-supervision entanglement that can sharpen true boundaries or distort the feature space to satisfy its own targets. To systematically isolate these failure modes, we apply a protocolized single-variable ablation procedure spanning local EMA teacher decoupling, hard-background contrastive separation, and adaptive support geometry. On the SIRST3 dataset, GSACP-Final establishes a new ultra-low false-alarm operating regime, achieving a highly competitive $0.6674$ mIoU while demonstrating a $38\% relative reduction in false-positive artifacts ($\mathrm{Fa}$) compared with PAL. By systematically deconstructing the end-to-end paradigm, we map its performance boundaries and show that in-batch feature propagation provides a compact alternative for deployment scenarios where false-alarm suppression is paramount.