Non-Supersymmetric Baryogenesis from $U(1)$-Breaking Scalar Dynamics

TL;DR

This paper introduces a non-supersymmetric baryogenesis mechanism driven by nonlinear dynamics of a complex scalar field with explicit $U(1)$ symmetry breaking, generating charge asymmetry that can explain the observed baryon asymmetry.

Contribution

It proposes a novel dynamical process for baryogenesis using scalar field self-interactions that break $U(1)$ symmetry, with models showing viable parameter spaces and enhanced predictivity.

Findings

Nonzero charge density generated from symmetric initial conditions.

Late-time charge density scales as $t^{-3/2}$, leading to constant baryon-to-photon ratio.

One potential model's asymmetry depends only on coupling, not scalar mass.

Abstract

We present a non-supersymmetric mechanism for baryogenesis driven by the nonlinear dynamics of a complex scalar field with generalized self-interaction potentials that explicitly break the global $U(1)$ symmetry. Specifically, three representative forms of the interaction potential are considered, which give rise to intricate nonlinear source terms in the evolution of the field components. In all cases, we show that these nonlinear source terms dynamically generate a nonzero Noether charge density from symmetric initial conditions, providing a purely dynamical origin of charge asymmetry. At late times, the charge density scales as $\sim t^{-3/2}$, leading to a constant baryon-to-photon ratio through dynamical freeze-in. While the qualitative behavior is robust across models, the quantitative features depend sensitively on the interaction structure. We find that one class of potentials yields a viable parameter space over a wide range of scalar masses, whereas another requires unrealistically suppressed mass scales. A third scenario stands out in that the final asymmetry is independent of the scalar mass and depends only on the coupling parameter, enhancing predictivity and allowing compatibility across a broad range of energy scales. Assuming efficient transfer of the generated asymmetry to the Standard Model sector and negligible washout effects, the mechanism can account for the observed baryon asymmetry.