On the Asymptotic Causal Structure in Gravitational EFTs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the asymptotic causal structure of gravitational EFTs, revealing dimension-dependent superluminality effects near black holes and proposing methods to define superluminality in four dimensions.

Contribution

It demonstrates that in higher dimensions EFTs can exhibit genuine asymptotic superluminality, while in four dimensions the causal structure remains unaffected by higher-derivative operators.

Findings

In D>4, effective light cones can lead to asymptotic superluminality.

In D=4, the asymptotic causal structure matches Schwarzschild, preventing time advances.

Superluminality can be analyzed via asymptotic behavior or by imposing cut-offs.

Abstract

It is usually assumed that a healthy EFT should not allow superluminal propagation. In the presence of gravity, however, the notion of superluminality becomes subtle, since there is no invariant way to compare with an underlying Minkowski light cone. One can instead resort to an asymptotic criterion: whether the EFT can induce signal propagation faster than what allowed by the asymptotic structure of spacetime. In this work we study the asymptotic causal structure of gravitational EFTs by analysing signal propagation in black-hole backgrounds in the presence of higher-derivative operators. We show that in spacetime dimensions D>4 the effective light cones can lead to genuine asymptotic superluminality, which can be used to constrain the regime of validity of the EFT. By contrast, in D=4 the asymptotic causal structure is universally identical to that of Schwarzschild: prompt null curves remain insensitive to higher-derivative corrections and no asymptotic time advance is possible. We first study the representative operator $R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F^{\mu\nu}F^{\rho\sigma}$, then show that this conclusion is true for any EFT, as it relies only on the asymptotic behaviour of the metric. Finally, we discuss two ways to define superluminality in D=4 spacetimes: introducing a covariant cut-off by putting the theory in an asymptotically-AdS background, or imposing a hard cut-off by working at finite distance.