Macroscopic photon counting beating the Poisson noise limit

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates photon counting that surpasses the Poisson noise limit using multiplexed superconducting detectors, achieving high precision across a broad photon number range and enabling advanced quantum measurements.

Contribution

The authors developed a large-scale photon-number-resolving detector array with model-informed calibration, surpassing classical noise limits and enabling high-precision photon counting from single photons to thousands.

Findings

Beating the Poisson noise limit by at least 4.1 dB across the photon range

Achieving sub-single-photon precision up to 276 photons per pulse

Enabling precise photon counting at high optical powers (~71 pW)

Abstract

Photon counting is a cornerstone of quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate precisely counting from 0 to over 9000 photons, beating the Poisson noise limit by at least $4.1~\mathrm{dB}$ across this range. We achieve sub-single-photon precision up to 276 photons per pulse. To do so, we multiplex eight intrinsically photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors across 128 temporal modes. We use a model-informed characterization of each of the 1024 detection bins, for optimal precision. We perform quantum detector tomography to reconstruct the positive operator valued measures (POVMs) of the complete device, which consists of $1.38\cdot10^8$ matrix elements. At the repetition rate of our experiment of $80~\mathrm{kHz}$, we can precisely count photons corresponding to an optical power of approximately $71~\mathrm{pW}$, bridging the gap from single-photon measurements to high-sensitivity optical power meters. A photon-number-resolving detector of this size, and the tools used to analyze it, will become increasingly important to characterize large quantum states, as well as tasks in precision metrology and optical power standards.