On the minimum number of maximal distance-$k$ independent sets in trees

TL;DR

This paper determines the minimum number of maximal distance-$k$ independent sets in trees, characterizes trees that achieve this minimum, and analyzes their growth rate for fixed $k$.

Contribution

It provides an exact formula for the minimum number of such sets in trees and describes the structure of trees attaining this bound.

Findings

Minimum number equals $n$ for $n \,\leq\, k+1$.

Explicit formula for the minimum number when $n > k+1$.

Growth rate of trees with minimal sets is linear or bounded by $k^2$-vertex trees.

Abstract

A vertex subset of a graph is called a distance-$k$ independent set if the distance between any two of its distinct vertices is at least $k + 1$. For all $n,k \geq 1$, we determine the minimum possible number of inclusion-wise maximal distance-$k$ independent sets among all $n$-vertex trees. It equals $n$ if $n \leq k + 1$, and $n - \bigg\lfloor \frac{n - (k \bmod 2)}{\lfloor k/2 \rfloor + 1} \bigg\rfloor + 1$ otherwise. We also completely describe the class of trees attaining this bound and determine the growth rate of the number of such $n$-vertex trees for a fixed $k \geq 1$. If $k$ is odd and $(k+1)/2$ does not divide $n-1$, then the number of non-isomorphic $n$-vertex trees with the minimum possible number of maximal distance-$k$ independent sets grows linearly with $n$. Otherwise, it is bounded above by the number of unlabeled $k^2$-vertex trees.