The Field of Safe Motion: Operationalizing Affordances in the Field of Safe Travel Using Reachability Analysis

TL;DR

This paper introduces the Field of Safe Motion (FSM), a quantitative safety model that combines reachability analysis with the conceptual framework of safe travel to assess collision-free escape routes for drivers.

Contribution

It operationalizes the long-standing conceptual Field of Safe Travel using reachability analysis, providing an interpretable, quantitative tool for driving safety assessment.

Findings

FSM effectively assesses collision-free escape routes in various scenarios.

The approach bounds uncertainty about future locations of road users.

The model is interpretable and relies on simple, easy-to-reason assumptions.

Abstract

We present the Field of Safe Motion (FSM), a quantitative safety model for determining whether a driver maintains a collision-free escape route, or "out," at any given moment by accounting for that driver's physical capabilities and the foreseeable actions of other road users. The Field of Safe Travel (FST) provides a framework for representing the types of sensory information and actions available to drivers. However, the FST has remained conceptual in nature since its initial publication almost 90 years ago -- and a concrete computational operationalization is still lacking. At the same time, reachability analysis provides a quantitative basis for assessing the possible actions available to road users, using interpretable kinematic models, but reachability models have so far remained confined largely to the engineering and robotics literature. Bringing these two approaches together provides for an interpretable, quantitative tool for assessing driving behavior across a wide range of driving scenarios. Beyond being interpretable, our approach relies on a relatively small set of basic assumptions that are easy to enumerate and reason about. Furthermore, an interpretable reachability model paired with kinematic assumptions provides a way to bound uncertainty about road users' reasonably foreseeable future locations. We demonstrate the applicability of the FSM to different driving scenarios and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the model.