Nanohertz gravitational waves from the baryon-dark matter coincidence

TL;DR

This paper links nanohertz gravitational waves to a cosmological phase transition caused by baryon-dark matter asymmetry, proposing observable signals and experimental tests for this novel baryogenesis mechanism.

Contribution

It introduces a new baryogenesis model connecting dark matter asymmetry with a phase transition at 100 MeV, predicting observable gravitational waves and experimental signatures.

Findings

Phase transition at 100 MeV can produce detectable gravitational waves.

Dark matter self-interactions are near observational limits.

Model predicts lower maximum neutron star masses.

Abstract

The nanohertz gravitational waves (GW) observed by pulsar timing arrays may originate from a cosmological first-order phase transition (PT) at $\sim$ 100 MeV. Taking this possibility seriously motivates the question: why 100 MeV? We point out that a PT at exactly those scales is predicted by the generation of the baryon asymmetry from a dark asymmetry via resonant neutron-dark matter oscillations, and we prove that this PT can induce an observable GW signal compatibly with all experimental constraints. This proposal predicts dark matter self-interactions close to their observational upper limits and lowers the maximal expected mass of neutron stars. Independently of GW, this baryogenesis mechanism is tested by searches for missing-energy at the LHC and for neutron decays. We keep the model consistent with big-bang nucleosynthesis by adding heavy neutral leptons below 100 MeV, which generate neutrino masses and can induce further experimental tests.