The Singular Behaviour of Ambipolar Diffusion Revealed by 1D Cartesian Solutions

TL;DR

This paper analytically studies 1D ambipolar diffusion near null points, characterizes eigenmodes, and validates MHD code solvers, revealing stagnation-point configurations with flux transfer layers.

Contribution

It provides analytical solutions, eigenmode analysis, and validation tests for ambipolar diffusion in MHD codes, advancing understanding of flux transfer near null points.

Findings

Identified a flux transfer rate across three regions: advection, ambipolar diffusion, and Ohmic.

Found symmetric and antisymmetric eigenmodes with sharp current sheets at nulls.

Validated the Bifrost code's ability to reproduce eigenmode behaviour with high accuracy.

Abstract

Aims. We seek to (a) study 1D Cartesian ambipolar diffusion near null points; (b) characterise the nonlinear eigenmodes for ambipolar diffusion; (c) propose tests for ambipolar diffusion solvers in MHD codes. Methods. (a) Direct analysis is used to find analytical solutions for ambipolar diffusion. (b) To study the eigenmodes, we solve the ODE for self-similar solutions of the 1D ambipolar diffusion equation using phase-plane techniques. We also solve the general time-dependent 1D problem for initial conditions of interest. (c) We test the Bifrost code by trying to reproduce the behaviour of the eigenmodes. Results. (a) A stagnation-point flow solution was found with a uniform flux transfer rate across three regions: an external advection region; an internal ambipolar diffusion region with magnetic profile B propto x**(1/3); and an innermost Ohmic region with B propto x; in the latter, flux annihilation occurs at a rate imposed by the advection. (b) Both symmetric and antisymmetric eigenmode solutions to the ambipolar diffusion problem are found with sharp current sheets at the internal nulls. The time evolution of the eigenmodes (pure or perturbed) is probed, showing how higher-order eigenmodes, or perturbed ones, evolve in time towards the lowest-order allowable eigenmodes. (c) The Bifrost code reproduces the behaviour of the eigenmodes with excellent accuracy. Conclusions. Stagnation-point configurations exist with ambipolar diffusion carrying magnetic flux in an inner layer and serving as an intermediary between the external advection and an Ohmic-diffusion core around the null. Our tests are compatible with the hypothesis that zero-flux higher harmonics of the self-similar equation evolve toward either the first symmetric or antisymmetric harmonic. The self-similar solutions can serve as strong tests for ambipolar diffusion solvers in general MHD codes.