Shear-driven mixing of segregated granular materials

TL;DR

This paper investigates the mechanisms of shear-driven mixing and segregation in granular materials, developing a scaling framework to predict mixing dynamics through theoretical and numerical analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a new scaling framework that quantifies mixing dynamics in sheared granular flows, addressing a less-studied aspect of granular physics.

Findings

Developed a validated scaling model for granular mixing.

Provided insights into how external shear influences particle rearrangement.

Enhanced understanding of mixing processes in natural and industrial systems.

Abstract

As granular materials flow and settle, interactions among particles of different sizes or properties drive mixing and segregation, producing rich dynamics that reshape systems ranging from industrial hoppers to planetary surfaces. A hallmark of such polydisperse flows is shear-driven size segregation, whereby particles rearrange so that larger grains migrate above smaller ones. Despite substantial progress in modelling granular flow and segregation, key questions concerning the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. In particular, the physics of granular mixing -- the natural counterpart of segregation -- has received far less attention. Here, we investigate the dynamics of initially segregated granular materials driven out of equilibrium by external shear. We ask: what controls the extent and rate of segregation and mixing in a sheared granular flow? Answering this question is essential for understanding how external forcing disrupts stable and unstable particle configurations and for optimising processes that require controlled mixing. Using theoretical analysis and numerical experiments, we develop and validate a scaling framework that quantifies the mixing dynamics. Our results provide new insight into the physics of granular flows and lay the foundation for improved prediction and design in both natural and industrial settings.