A Machine-Learned Symbolic Committor for a Chemical Reaction: Retinal Isomerization

TL;DR

This paper introduces a machine learning approach to identify and interpret the reaction coordinate in retinal isomerization, revealing dynamical features beyond the free-energy surface.

Contribution

It develops a neural network-based method to learn the committor function and distills it into analytical expressions, uncovering key dihedrals involved in the reaction mechanism.

Findings

The neural network resolves the reaction coordinate across the full transition region.

Four dihedrals are identified as informative coordinates for the reaction.

The nonlinear coupling of dihedrals explains the stepwise transition pathway.

Abstract

The thermal cis-trans isomerization around the C$_{13}$=C$_{14}$ double bond of retinal is a prototypical high-barrier reaction whose mechanism hinges on subtle out-of-plane bending motions. We apply Artificial Intelligence for Molecular Mechanism Discovery (AIMMD) to N-retinylidene-lysine in vacuum, learning the committor from unbiased molecular dynamics trajectories generated by two-way shooting. Parametrizing the logit of the committor, rather than the committor itself, allows the neural network to resolve the reaction coordinate across the full transition region, not only at the isocommittor surface $p_B(\mathbf{x}) = 0.5$. Holdback input randomization identifies four proper dihedrals around the reactive bond as the informative coordinates, while the improper dihedrals at C$_{13}$ and C$_{14}$ prove unsuitable because reactant, transition, and product states share the same values. Symbolic regression then distills the network into compact analytical expressions and shows that a nonlinear coupling of all four dihedrals is required to reproduce the S-shaped, stepwise pathway seen in the transition path ensemble. This S-shape is absent from the minimum-free-energy path: it arises from the non-equilibrium dynamics of the short ($\sim 0.13$ ps) transition events combined with the mass asymmetry between heavy-atom and hydrogen-bearing dihedrals. An interpretable, machine-learned committor thus exposes dynamical features of the mechanism to which the free-energy surface is blind. The workflow requires no prior assumptions about the reaction coordinate and extends naturally to other isomerizations and to chemical reactions more broadly.