The Tracking Tapered Gridded Estimator for the 21-cm power spectrum from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) drift scan observations -- III. Improved upper limits at $z = 8.2$ from multiple pointings

TL;DR

This paper presents improved upper limits on the 21-cm power spectrum from the Epoch of Reionization using MWA drift scan observations, achieving the tightest limits from MWA to date.

Contribution

The study introduces a novel analysis of MWA drift scan data, resulting in significantly improved upper limits on the 21-cm power spectrum at redshift 8.2.

Findings

Achieved the tightest upper limit from MWA at $z=8.2$, $ ext{~3 times lower than previous MWA limits}$.

Identified foreground-free regions suitable for EoR science in the MWA field.

Detected contamination from Fornax A and characterized its impact on measurements.

Abstract

We analyze zenith-pointing $(\delta=-26.7^{\circ})$ Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) $\nu_c=154.2 \,{\rm MHz}$ drift scan observations covering $349.0^{\circ} \le \alpha \le 70.0^{\circ}$ with 163 pointing centers (PCs) spaced by $0.5^{\circ}$. We measure $D_{\ell}$, the mean-squared angular brightness temperature fluctuations, as a function of $\alpha$. A broad peak at $\alpha \approx 50.0^{\circ}$ corresponds to the bright extended source Fornax~A in the main lobe of the primary beam. A smaller peak at $\alpha \approx 5.0^{\circ}$ possibly corresponds to Fornax~A in the first sidelobe. For $\alpha \leq 22.0^{\circ}$ and $\ell \ge 200$, we find $D_{\ell} \propto \ell^2$, which we interpret as Poisson fluctuations from point sources. We present $\Delta^2(k)$, the mean-squared 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuations from the Epoch of Reionization, as a function of $\alpha$. Fornax~A causes strong contamination near $\alpha \approx 50.5^{\circ}$, elsewhere several PCs are consistent with noise. The range $358.5^{\circ} \leq \alpha \leq 11.5^{\circ}$ is relatively foreground-free and best suited for EoR science. The PC at $\alpha = 11.0^{\circ}$ yields the best $2\sigma$ upper limit $\Delta^{2}_{\rm UL}(k) = (173.13)^{2}\,{\rm mK^{2}}$ at $k = 0.161\,{\rm Mpc^{-1}}$. We incoherently combine $23$ PCs to obtain $\Delta_{\rm UL}^2(k)=(98.67)^{2}\,{\rm mK}^{2}$ at $k=0.156\,{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. This is the tightest upper limit from the MWA, being $\approx3$ times lower than earlier MWA limits at $z = 8.2$, but $\approx2$ and $\approx21$ times higher than the LOFAR and HERA limits, respectively, and $\approx3$ orders of magnitude above theoretical predictions.