How temperature regimes near the equinox synchronize spring biological events

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that the basic thermal-sum model accurately predicts the sensitivity and synchrony of spring biological events, with increasing temperatures leading to less coordinated and more variable timing.

Contribution

The paper shows that the simple thermal-sum model suffices to explain changes in spring event timing and synchrony, challenging the need for more complex models.

Findings

Sensitivity and synchrony are as predicted by the basic thermal-sum model.

Increasing temperatures cause spring events to become less coordinated and more variable.

Experimental data from 10,000 observations support the model's predictions.

Abstract

Many biological processes, including plant leafout and flowering, occur once cumulative temperatures reach a threshold (the thermal-sum model). In this way, temperatures are thought to coordinate the timing of biological events. But growing evidence suggests that as climates warm, both the advancement of spring has slowed (declining sensitivity) and the variance in the timing of spring events has increased (declining synchrony), raising questions about the resilience of temperature-based coordination to anthropogenic climate change. To answer these questions, researchers have complicated the thermal-sum model, introducing additional factors and mechanisms. We consider whether such complexity is necessary. Using results from the theory of stopped random walks, we show that sensitivity and synchrony are exactly as predicted by the basic thermal-sum model. The theory suggests a nonlinear relationship between temperatures and both the timing and synchrony of biological events. In particular, it predicts that as temperatures increase and springtime events shift from the equinox toward the solstice, the events themselves become less coordinated and more variable. We verify these predictions using experimental and real-world data, including 10,000 observations of common lilacs (United States, 1956-2025). We conclude that the theory provides a powerful tool for understanding the thermal-sum model, particularly when considering additional complexity.