Uniqueness of Blow-ups for the Superconductivity Free Boundary Problem

TL;DR

This paper proves the uniqueness of quadratic blow-ups at singular points for a free boundary problem related to superconductivity, addressing a gap in understanding the singular set.

Contribution

It establishes the uniqueness of quadratic blow-ups at singular points for a specific free boundary problem, using a novel approach involving quadratic rescalings and harmonic projections.

Findings

Quadratic blow-ups are unique at singular points.

The proof employs a finite-dimensional differential equation approach.

Convergence of the quadratic coefficient is established, ensuring blow-up uniqueness.

Abstract

We study the free-boundary equation \[ \Delta u=\chi_{\{|\nabla u|>0\}} \] near the origin. We prove that, at a singular point of \(\partial\{|\nabla u|>0\}\), the quadratic blow-up is unique. As noted in \cite[Notes to Chapter 7]{PSU2012}, little is known about the singular set for this problem. The usual Weiss--Monneau monotonicity argument does not seem to apply directly, because the inactive set is determined by the vanishing of \(\nabla u\), rather than by a sign condition on \(u\). The proof follows the quadratic part of the rescalings. Projecting onto the trace-free quadratic harmonics yields a finite-dimensional differential equation for the quadratic coefficient. Together with a Lyapunov identity and estimates on dyadic annuli, this implies convergence of the quadratic coefficient, and hence uniqueness of the blow-up.