Cosolvency response in polymer brushes

TL;DR

This paper develops the first analytical theory for cosolvency in polymer brushes, revealing how preferential adsorption induces effective interactions and predicts phase transitions, aiding design of smart responsive materials.

Contribution

It introduces an analytical framework capturing cosolvency effects in polymer brushes, including phase behavior and minimal conditions for solvation transitions.

Findings

Reentrant solubility behavior in polymer brushes explained by the model.

Discontinuous swelling and re-collapse transitions predicted at certain cosolvent concentrations.

Minimal conditions for cosolvency include a threshold for preferential solvation strength.

Abstract

We present the first analytic theory with elegant and closed-form analytical solutions to explore the cosolvency effect in polymer brushes, where polymer chains that are poorly soluble in two pure solvents become fully soluble in certain mixtures thereof. This effect is key to designing stimulus-responsive smart materials but has not previously been addressed by analytic theory for polymer brushes. Our theoretical framework reveals that preferential adsorption of cosolvent induces an effective repulsion between monomers solvated by cosolvent and those solvated by solvent. The equilibrium solvation of polymer chains by cosolvent gives rise to a concentration-dependent $\chi$-function, which captures the effective interactions within the brush and reproduces the reentrant behavior characteristic of the cosolvency effect. The model predicts a discontinuous soluble transition followed by a re-collapse transition at higher cosolvent concentrations. Analytical treatment within a minimal free-energy model for the case of two symmetric poor solvents shows that the swelling and re-collapse transitions share the same thermodynamic origin. For low-density brushes, we derive an analytical approximation and delineate the phase diagram of parameter space in which discontinuous transitions occur. For cosolvency to take place, the theory specifies a minimum strength for preferential solvation and the associated repulsive coupling. Furthermore, it demonstrates that, contrary to previous models, repulsive interactions between cosolvent and solvent in the bulk are not required. This work lays the groundwork for the rational design of smart stimulus-responsive materials based on the cosolvency effect in polymer brushes, a capability which was not previously established.