Messaging strategies and the emergence of echo chambers in collective decision-making

TL;DR

This paper investigates how communication constraints in collective decision-making lead to echo chambers, causing sensitivity and potential lock-in states, with implications across biological systems.

Contribution

It reveals the mathematical basis of echo chamber formation due to communication constraints and proposes mechanisms to mitigate their effects.

Findings

Echo chambers cause collective states to become self-reinforcing and less adaptable.

Sensitivity to social information arises from simple constraints like limited attention.

Biologically plausible mechanisms can prevent echo chamber formation.

Abstract

Collective decision-making arises from individual agents integrating their own personal observations with information obtained from social partners. In many biological systems that exhibit collective decision-making, the process by which social information is produced, transmitted, and used is subject to two key constraints. First, individuals often do not observe the internal states or personal observations of their neighbors; instead, they observe neighbors' discrete actions. Second, agents often have limited attention, such that, at any given moment, only a subset of social partners influences decisions. Using methods from nonlinear dynamics, we show that either of these constraints can cause collective accuracy to become extremely sensitive to the weight individuals place on the information they receive from others. This sensitivity arises from the spontaneous formation of echo chamber-like states in which individuals receive and transmit homogeneous social messages. Under such conditions, collectives become locked in self-reinforcing states that prevent them from tracking changes in the environment. We reveal the mathematical basis of this phenomenon, and show that it emerges not only in generic models of collective decision-making but also in models developed to describe specific biological systems, including neural circuits, eusocial insect colonies, and mobile animal groups. Finally, we identify biologically plausible mechanisms through which individuals may reduce the risk of echo chamber formation and achieve robust yet sensitive collective decisions without requiring fine-tuning parameters. Our results reveal how fundamental constraints on communication shape the dynamics and reliability of collective decisions across diverse biological systems.