Nesting Controls Phase Transitions in Higher-Order Contagion

TL;DR

This paper introduces a nesting coefficient to quantify how lower-order interactions embed within higher-order ones, revealing its critical role in phase transitions and collective dynamics on hypergraphs.

Contribution

It defines a nesting measure for hypergraphs and demonstrates its influence on contagion thresholds and transition types in higher-order systems.

Findings

Increasing nesting lowers activation thresholds.

Weak embedding favors explosive transitions.

Nesting predicts hysteresis in empirical networks.

Abstract

The organization of higher-order interactions plays a central role in shaping collective dynamics, yet a general structural principle governing contagion on hypergraphs remains lacking. Here we introduce a nesting coefficient that quantifies how lower-order interactions are embedded within higher-order ones, defining a continuum between simplicial complexes and random hypergraphs. Using a higher-order susceptible-infected-susceptible model, we show that increasing nesting lowers the activation threshold and suppresses discontinuous transitions, while weak embedding favors explosive behavior. We further demonstrate that correlations between nesting and interaction order modulate the onset of activity while only weakly affecting transition discontinuity. Analysis of synthetic and empirical networks reveals that nesting strongly predicts hysteresis, establishing it as a key structural determinant of phase transitions in higher-order systems.