Quantum Sufficiency for Self-Adjoint Statistical Models via Likelihood-Type Operators on Real $*$-Subalgebras and Real Jordan Algebras

TL;DR

This paper develops a unified framework for quantum sufficiency using real *-subalgebras and Jordan algebras, extending traditional models to include derivatives of states and degenerate references.

Contribution

It introduces a novel theory of quantum sufficiency on real algebraic structures, generalizing classical and quantum models with new likelihood-type operators.

Findings

Characterizes minimal sufficient real *-subalgebras via likelihood ratios and modular invariance.

Establishes correspondences between types of sufficient subalgebras and positive maps.

Provides Koashi-Imoto type decompositions for these structures.

Abstract

We develop a theory of quantum sufficiency on real *-subalgebras and real Jordan algebras. In contrast to the conventional formulation, which is based on families of states, complex completely positive coarse-grainings, and Radon-Nikodym cocycles associated with faithful reference states, our framework allows models consisting of general self-adjoint operators, including derivatives of states. Within this framework, square-root likelihood ratios and symmetric logarithmic derivatives arise naturally as fundamental self-adjoint likelihood-type objects. This makes it possible to treat ordinary quantum statistical models and local quantum statistical structures within a unified setting. We introduce sufficient real positive maps and show that sufficient complex *-subalgebras, sufficient real *-subalgebras, and sufficient real Jordan algebras correspond respectively to complex completely positive maps, real completely positive maps, and real positive maps. We characterize minimal sufficient real *-subalgebras by the likelihood-ratio set together with rho-modular invariance, and show that the real Jordan algebra generated by the likelihood-ratio set and the projected reference state is the minimal sufficient real Jordan algebra. We also obtain Koashi-Imoto type decompositions for sufficient real *-subalgebras and sufficient real Jordan algebras. Our formulation admits degenerate reference states and separates the likelihood-ratio aspect of sufficiency from its genuinely quantum modular aspect. These results suggest that real Jordan structure provides a natural framework for the statistical aspect of quantum theory beyond the conventional complex *-algebraic setting.